Andy Warhols Campbells Soup Cans 11 and the Flash

Introduction Andrew Warhola, better known as Andy Warhol, was born on August 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During his lifetime, Andy Warhol aroused much controversy and struggled for acceptance by the art world. However, the evidence of his achievement is that he is one of the rare artists, especially in the USA, to have had a whole museum devoted to their work[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans 11 and the Flash-November 22, 1963 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He produced works in a variety of media, cutting across many artistic disciplines, including: fashion illustration, painting, printmaking, sculpture, magazine publishing, filmmaking, photography, writing, and chronicling the underground art scene. He also generated, from his own life activities and the documentation of his relationships with friends, celebrities, and collaborators, what might be termed early performance art. He is instantly associated with the movement called Pop Art, short for ‘popular’, and according to Osterwold, inextricably tied to Western industrialized society (Osterwold 4). Anecdotally, Warhol is often the only artist of this style that non-art-history students can name without prompting. This style followed Abstract Expressionism in time and in approach, moving the art world farther away from the old idea that, for example, a painting is ‘about’ anything, or that works of art are special and one of a kind. Pop Art, and especially Warhol’s work, often featured mass-production techniques (such as silk-screening) and irreverent choice of subject matter (such as soup cans) (Bockris 210). This movement thereby broke down even further the progressively unraveling classical ideas and limitations on what constitutes high art, or real art, or art of any kind. Besides being an innovative artist, Warhol was notable for his flamboyan t apparent homosexuality in a much more repressive decade. He was both a product of, and an element of change in, the 1960s and 1970s. This was a time characterized by a push to liberalize behavioral norms, in dress, hair styles, sexuality, and use of mind altering substances. His prodigious output and provocative personality and lifestyle still rouse controversy, and discussion (Columbia University). Two works that reflect both his commentary on the state of society and his reaction to current events are Campbell’s soup cans 11 and the Flash-November 22, 1963. The Camphell’s Soup Cans 11, produced in 1962, depicts an array of 32 seemingly identical cans arranged in a grid of rows (Warhol). Though initially not recognized as actual art, the exhibition of the piece marked the beginning of a public debate that provided Warhol with much-needed publicity.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although students and fans may argue endlessly over the significance of this work, it retains its ability to delight and surprise the viewer and trigger questions about what constitutes real art. The group of pieces titled Flash-November 22, 1963 was also a major work by Warhol. Warhol made this work at a time when the country was still obsessed by the media-hyped spectacle of Kennedy’s assassination. It includes an array of 11 screenshots, supposedly taken from the newswires from the time of his shooting and shortly thereafter. Warhol was struck and disheartened by the four years of persistent media emphasis on the assassination. Thus, this piece of art work is highly relevant to events and trends of its time. It is also prescient in its acknowledgment of the increasing power of media to whip up public feeling, even very cynically and artificially. This paper will endeavor to describe these two pieces of art as art, and suggest meanings. Camphell’s S oup Cans 11 Camphell’s Soup Cans 11 is a series of thirty two separate 20X16 inch canvases screen printed with synthetic polymer, and hand-stenciled with the names of the 1962 range of Campbell flavors. Thus, Warhol embodied several of what would become key characteristics of Pop Art: appropriation of a pre-existing image and well-known brand name, repetition by nearly mechanical means, removal from its usual context (the grocery shelf), and confusion between hand work and use of technology (silk screening plus hand stenciling). Regarding appropriation of images, Warhol himself said,â€Å"Pop artists did images that anyone walking down the street would recognize in a split second—comics, picnic tables, men’s pants, celebrities, refrigerators, Coke bottles.† (MOMA) This use of recognizable commercial images simplified many of the choices that artists previously had to make. The basic elements of art were rather predetermined. In the case of Campbellâ€℠¢s Soup Cans 11, Warhol preserved the color values of the actual can labels, offering a sharp contrast between the red, white, and black. The line is very clear cut, and regular, moving up, across and down again around the can’s silhouette. The shape is also pre-selected, and decidedly geometric rather than organic. The texture is difficult to tell without being in the same room, but if other silk-screened works are any indicator, then the texture, both visual and tactile, is likely to be smooth and unobtrusive. Warhol permits the mass of the cans to be suggested by the viewer’s familiarity with the apparent subject – a cylinder – as well as his competent use of perspective. In elevating a humble soup can to the level of the Mona Lisa, Warhol was reflecting his own love of soup as a child, but he was also saying that art does not need to depict angels and kings to be art (Stinespring) (MOMA). There was also perhaps a critique of the world around him. John Stinespring characterizes the evolving criticism of Warhol as increasingly attributing to the artist a commentary on, â€Å"commercial, mass-produced, and somewhat sleazy nature of modern American society† (Stinespring).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans 11 and the Flash-November 22, 1963 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He also pioneered a way of being a brand himself as an artist, because he could produce many nearly identical copies of his art (Schroeder). Other variations on the soup can theme showed damaged or torn labels. These works could be interpreted as commentary on the superficialities of American society, or simply a joke. The painted label is coming off in some of these, showing only another surface underneath, not the soup itself (Stich 91). Flash-November 22 1963 Flash-November 22 1963 is a part of a portfolio of images exploring the period f rom the Kennedy campaign to the capture of Lee Harvey Oswald (Telfair Museum) . Warhol used cropping, alteration of color, and massively increasing the contrast of news photographs (the news flash of the title) and posters (Moorhead 92) to suggest the ways he felt that the media manipulated the public (Stich 182). As such, their color palette is limited. The example picked for this paper shows a high contrast shot of Jackie Kennedy grieving, duplicated twice. The color values are fairly intense. There are only two colors: purple evoking both royal garb (which seems appropriate for the residents of ‘Camelot’) as well as priestly vestments, and black evoking death and finality. There is the shape of her face, suggested by the sketchiness of the grainy photograph enlarged many times. The duplication gives rhythm to the composition. The lines of Jackie’s face: her brows, her hairline, her chin, are all round and echo one another. The overall shape of her face is a ro ugh oval, evoking classical ideals of feminine beauty. However the high contrast of the screen prints make the organic forms of her features seem like marks on a map or mountains on the moon. Although, as with the Campbell’s Soup Cans, there is probably little texture from the silk screening, the illusion of texture arises from the graininess of the much-enlarged newsprint. When viewed as a woman’s face, the pictures give the impression of real-life mass, but if viewed as simply shapes of black on a purple background, they dissolve into abstraction. This work, as with Warhol’s other images of celebrities, calls on the viewer to consider the nature of fame. Here is a beautiful woman grieving for her lost husband – the painting raises the question; is it worth it to have been the most powerful woman in the free world if she is robbed of her mate as a result of that power and fame? Conclusion These two works of Warhol’s embody several aspects of Pop A rt, which was, â€Å"popular, transient, expendable, low cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, big business.† to use a description by Richard Hamilton (Biography.com). Warhol’s soup cans transform every package into a potential masterpiece. The nearly hieratic image of a weeping Jackie forces the viewer to recall the assassination differently, and is particularly significant right now at the 50th anniversary of that event.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Warhol is quoted as describing the movement that he helped to propel into the national consciousness as follows,† Once you ‘got’ pop, you could never see a sign the same way again. And once you thought pop, you could never see America the same way again.† (Biography.com) These two pieces of art have helped this student ‘get’ Pop, and perhaps even ‘think’ Pop, and look at America and at art differently ever hereafter. The art critics in Europe and eventually those in the USA accepted his substitution of advertising icons for those of the past, and his use of pre-existing images, among many other innovations, and art thereby moved beyond Abstract Expressionism decisively. (Fallon 18) (Danto xi). Works Cited Biography.com. â€Å"Andy Warhol.† 2013. Biography.com. Web. November 2013. http://www.biography.com/people/andy-warhol-9523875?page=2%3E. Bockris, Victor. Warhol: The Biography. Cambridge: De Capo Press, 2003. Web. November 2013. https://books.google.com/books/about/Warhol.html?id=HKNPAAAAMAAJ. Columbia University. Andy Warhol. 2013. Web. NOvember 2013. http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/warhol.htm. Danto, Arthur. Andy Warhol. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Web. November 2013. https://books.google.com/books/about/Andy_Warhol.html?id=GfBoYTi5IncC. Fallon, Michael. How to Analyze the Works of Andy Warhol. Edina: ABDO, 2010. WEb. NOvember 2013. https://books.google.com/books?id=aY9mkcPfigkCq=flash#v=onepageq=flashf=false. MOMA. â€Å"Appropriation.† 2013. MOMA. Web. November 2013. http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/themes/pop-art/appropriation. —. â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans: Andy Warhol.† 2013. MOMA. Web. November 2013. http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/andy-warhol-campbells-soup-cans-1962. Moorhead, Jasmine. Pop Impressions Europe/USA: Prints and Multiples from the Museum of Modern Art. New York: MOMA, 1999. Web. November 2013. https://books.goog le.com/books?id=5ggm4z5PQgsCdq=flash-november+%2Bwarhol%2Bjackie+kennedysource=gbs_navlinks_s. Osterwold, Tilman. Pop Art. Cologne: Taschen, 2003. Web. November 2013. https://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=Q6DtO_PBntICoi=fndpg=PA6dq=pop+artots=MkBwEgiv4fsig=Xx7cGIYktnkxV22F8P4kPI_4WfE#v=onepageq=pop%20artf=false. Schroeder, Jonathan E. â€Å"The Artist and the Brand.† European Journal of Marketing 39.11/12 (2005). Web. November 2013. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/search.htm?ct=allst1=Jonathan+E.+Schroederfd1=autPHPSESSID=kno3bc99la87o4613frq5dku54. SOLOMON, DEBORAH. â€Å"For Individual Artists, Museums All Their Own.† 28 March 1999. New York Times. Web. November 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/28/arts/art-architecture-for-individual-artists-museums-all-their-own.html?pagewanted=allsrc=pm. Stich, Sidra. Made in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. NOvember 2013. https://books.google.com/books/about/Made_in_U_S_A.html?id=4NOFhFTT0uwC. Stinesp ring, John. â€Å"The Critical Response to Andy Warhol – Review.† Studies in Art Education 40.1 (1998). Web. November 2013. http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-35888575/the-critical-response-to-andy-warhol. Telfair Museum. â€Å"Warhol/JFK: November 22, 1963 A Selection of Andy Warhol Prints from the Herbert Brito Collection.† November 2013. Telfair Museum. Web. November 2013. http://www.telfair.org/warholjfk-november-22-1963-a-selection-of-andy-warhol-prints-from-the-herbert-brito-collection/. Warhol, Andy. Campbell’s Soup Cans: 1962. MOMA. The Collection. New York: MOMA, 1962. Web. November 2013. http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=79809. Footnotes The Norman Rockwell Museum was founded a year or so earlier, in 1993 (SOLOMON). This essay on Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans 11 and the Flash-November 22, 1963 was written and submitted by user Kai Cervantes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Useful Tips for a Speech about Your Life

10 Useful Tips for a Speech about Your Life Have been told to give a speech about yourself and searching for material to use? If yes, then you are in the right place. There are many incidents in your life which you can focus your speech on. Unfortunately, that’s easier said than done. The truth is that to write a truly great speech, you need inspiration. And that spark won’t just light itself in your head. To get your mental juices running, you need tips that guide you to the right path. Here are some great tips which you can use to write an excellent speech about your life: Steve Jobs gave the Stanford commencement speech and told everyone that settling down is very mainstream. He was the co-founder of Apple but later on he was kicked out of his own company. He claims that that was the best thing that ever happened to him because that pushed him to explore new paths. He became so diversified that Apple had to rehire him. Apple has since created ground breaking laptops, computers and of course the phone that changed the face of regular handhelds, the iPhone. Steve Job’s life story was a clear proof that he never settled for anything less than what he deserved. He became one of the most iconic and influential figures in the modern day technological era. JK Rowling, who’s the author of the now-famous Harry Potter series, initially faced a lot of hurdles. The idea of Harry Potter was turned down by several publishers. Her speech at Harvard University was around the very idea of the benefits of failure. She said in clear words that what she feared most at a young age was not poverty, but failure. JK Rowling said that she felt extremely sad when she was suffering from failures, but she believes that those very failures helped her strip away the inessential. She took a lesson out of her own life and wrote a beautiful speech, she told everyone that we don’t need magic to change the world because everything we need is already inside us. Especially the power of imagination. Jim Carrey gave the commencement speech at Maharishi University and, as expected, it went viral. In his speech he told everyone that even if someone plans their life safely, they can still fail, so it’s better to go big or go home. Jim then tells a tale about his own father wanting to become a comedian but decided to go about life in a financially secure manner and ended up being an accountant. His father played it safe but he was fired and the family ended up being extremely poor anyway. David Foster gave an everlasting speech at the graduation ceremony of Kenyon College. His speech became so iconic that it was translated into various forms of literature. The author put his own imagination and experiences in the speech by telling everyone that they are all part of a gigantic and constantly changing interaction of life forms. David emphasized on the point that it is important to step out of our comfort zones and interact with others, even if it’s extremely unpleasant, to truly experience life. David suffered from depression and his life-story ended on a very bleak note but this speech may have been his answer to everyone who felt like him. Comedian Stephen Colbert gave a terrific speech at Northwestern University that was full of improvisation and humor. His entire speech was surrounded around the emphasis that life cannot be planned. And where did he get such good material to talk about? His own life. Mr. Colbert told the young graduates that life is good at throwing curve balls on a daily basis. According to him, the most successful people are those who can improvise and deal with life on-the-go. He gave examples out of his own life as well, telling people that life is just like improv-comedy. You don’t know what’s next, but you roll with the punches. Admiral William H McRaven gave one of the most iconic speeches at the University of Texas at Austin which was based entirely upon his own life experiences. The Admiral refers to the advantages of various routines that are forced upon new navy recruits. He tells people that every morning in basic SEAL training, every time the instructors came in the barracks in the morning they would inspect the bed. According to him, this mundane task seemed unnecessary at the time but eventually proved to be beneficial to him. If we all make our bed every morning, we will feel a sense of accomplishment. This one task completed will start a chain reaction of completion of various other tasks throughout the day. Simply putting it, he said everything that he achieved in his life was because he believed that if little things can’t be done properly, the bigger ones won’t be done at all. Kurt Vonnegut gave the commencement speech at Agnes Scott College and talked about how important it is to never worry about the small things that happen in life. Once again it’s evident that a very well-constructed and inspirational speech was given while keeping personal life in perspective. Mr. Kurt told the youngsters that in order to live a happy life, one must learn to let things go. He simply told the kids that you shouldn’t expect people to forgive you if you yourself don’t have the capacity to forgive others. He emphasized on the point that it is extremely unhealthy to live your life while having a personal vendetta in your heart. Neil Gaiman gave a commencement speech at the University of the Arts. As Mr. Gaiman is well-known for his work in various literary mediums including journalism, novels and comic books, he decided to make a speech on how distracting the success can be. He told everyone how his success forced him to deviate from his work and that instead of replying to a plethora of fan-mails he should have written more. His message was that no matter how much success you attain; you should never let people stand in the way of the things you love to do. Barack Obama gave an impressive keynote speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. The core theme of this speech was all about how anyone, if dedicated enough, can beat the odds. He talked about his own life where he never had the support or the confidence of his peers that he would make it this far. Four years later he became the president of the United States of America. Bill Murray is one of the most iconic comedians of this and the previous century. He once had crashed a bachelor party and gave an extremely insightful speech. Bill tells the bachelors to travel the world with the girl he wants to marry and go to places which are extremely difficult for tourists and if you make it back to the states still loving each other, then she is the one for you. What he meant to say is that it is easy to love when the circumstances are easy and less challenging. And we bet that Bill must have given this speech based on his own life experiences. So that’s it. We believe you can use these tips to help you write a good speech about you or your life. Whether it’s a commencement speech or a bachelor party, the idea remains the same. We will even be helping you out with the topics and a complete guide on this genre which you can read in the next articles. References: About MUM. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from https://www.mum.edu/whats-happening/graduation-2014/full-jim-carrey-address-video-and-transcript/ Everlasting Speech Alumni Bulletin Kenyon College. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://bulletin.kenyon.edu/x4276.html Jacobs, P. (2015). A Navy SEAL commander told students to make their beds in the best graduation speech of 2014. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from businessinsider.com/mcraven-best-commencement-speech-university-texas-2015-4 Neil Gaiman: Keynote Address 2012. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from uarts.edu/neil-gaiman-keynote-address-2012 Northwestern University. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from northwestern.edu/about/our-people/stephen-colbert.html Text of J.K. Rowling’s speech. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-j-k-rowling-speech/ Text of Steve Jobs Commencement address (2005). (2005). Retrieved April 28, 2016, from https://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/

Turbine Engine Classification, Benefits and Application Research Paper

Turbine Engine Classification, Benefits and Application - Research Paper Example The axial-flow engine functions by compressing the air through a series of rotating and stationary air-foils which in turn move the air parallel to the longitudinal axis. The centrifugal axial flow design, on the other hand, uses both kinds of compressors in order to achieve the desired compression. This machine has four sections: turbine section, combustion chamber, compressor, and the exhaust. Inlet air passes through the compressor section at a high rate of speed to the combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, there are fuel inlet and the igniter for combustion. The turbine is driven by the expanding air which is connected to the compressor by a shaft to sustain the engine operation. This kind of engines is limited in terms of range and endurance. A turboprop engine is a turbine engine machine that divides a propeller through a reduction gear. Power turbine connected by a shaft is driven by the exhaust gases, and this drives the reduction gear assembly. Optimum propeller performance which is achieved at low speeds is brought about by the reduction gear. These machines are most efficient at high speeds of between 250 and 400 m.p.h and also performed well at slow airspeeds. These machines are nowadays used in small airliners and transport aircraft which are sufficient for landing and required for takeoff. This turbofan engine machine combines the best features of the turbojet and the turboprop. Turbofan engines are designed to increase thrust by diverting the airflow around the combustion chamber. This only increase the thrust without increasing fuel consumption. This is because it increases the total mass of air passing through the engine reducing the velocity within the same energy supplied. Most airlines nowadays are powered by turbofan engines. This machine is widely used in helicopters. Its a form of gas-turbine engine. It drives the helicopter rotor though it does not have a propeller.  

Proplem statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Proplem statment - Essay Example There is a lack of enthusiasm in the workplace and the result is a failure to meet expected outcomes. Another difficulty is the relationship between management or leaders and workers or followers. Within KFIC, as discussed earlier in the module on management change, the making of decisions is kept within the upper layers of management at CEO level and with the company chairman. Others in the company, supposedly in positions of leadership are prevented from making decisions in their own rights as they are not given sufficient information, and have neither the skills required or the authority within the workplace that would enable them to do so. The other members of the work teams are well aware of this situation and this makes for poor co-worker relationships. Information is restricted to an elite and the result is a lack of motivation on the part of both team leaders and others. The leaders are unable to act as leaders and the others feel that there is a lack of support. Only minimal instructions are passed down. The problem is a cultural one within the organization. The lack of information sharing is due to lack of trust and workers are aware of this. The company is concerned with finance and investment. This means that there is much private knowledge which must naturally be safeguarded. However unless leaders and workers have sufficient knowledge they are unlikely to be able to make required decisions and carry out tasks given to a satisfactory level. In 2001 Guthrie discussed how the most successful businesses do not rely only upon their obvious assets, but also depend upon more intangible things such as knowledge creation and information held. This is something that KFIC needs to take hold of. They need to understand the importance of knowledge creation and the process of passing on necessary information. There have been a number of studies on the topic of knowledge management i.e knowledge creation, sharing and transfer according to Mitchell

Examination the present strategic position of the multibillion British Essay

Examination the present strategic position of the multibillion British Petroleum (BP) plc Oil Company - Essay Example Introduction Business ethics refers to the moral guidelines that govern business practices at the workplace, and these are the universally accepted principles that are expected of each business. In the contemporary business world, the concept of business ethics has gradually been popularised and it is now a buzzword all over the world. Many firms around the world today are not only concerned with making profits and meeting fiduciary responsibilities to shareholders and consumers, but also showing corporate responsibility (Dirks 2001). There is a proven parallelism between profits and Social Corporate Responsibility, with studies showing that CSR improves profits (Robins 2011). In today’s highly competitive global capital, labour and financial markets, companies in the system cannot afford to be totally unresponsive to ethical issues and concerns. In such a system, that is highly conscious corporate responsiveness, businesses have no choice but to advertently demonstrate their commitment to ethical issues in society. This paper aims at examining the business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the multibillion British Petroleum (B.P) Company that is involved in oil and alternative energy. This analysis will endeavour to determine among other things, the ethical practices of the company, and its corporate responsiveness; in other words, is B.P an ethical firm? A vast company of global influence such as BP is obliged to cautiously apply strategic managerial approaches in promotion of global business ethics in industrial sectors. This analysis is important because it will it will raise an awareness about BP’s business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, and more importantly, it will establish a relevant knowledge base for future direction to all the stakeholders involved in the oil business around the world. The paper will first outline BP’s business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility strategies, and thereafter, a detailed analysis of these approaches will be carried out in the next section using PESTLE and Carroll's (1991) CSR pyramid models. This analysis will determine how sustainable the company with respect to the 3Ps (People, Planet, Profit) or Elkington’s (1998) Triple Bottom Line (socio- and environmental goals as well as the profit bottom line). Ultimately, after the report has been concluded, what shall follow will be a set of recommendations for the company with regards to its future business ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility strategies. BP’s Strategic Management BP is one of the world’s leading oil companies that majors in exploration, production, refining and marketing of petroleum oil products, including natural gas (Warren 2012). This makes BP Oil company one of the world’s companies that are hugely involved with the use of fossil fuels responsible for major global environmental challenges in the 21st century (Mallenbaker 2012). This has f orced the company to restructure its operations while stating its obligations and commitment to the creation of a stable and sustainable society. In this

Summary of Chinns Four Ways of Knowing

Summary of Chinns Four Ways of Knowing Reaction to Chinns Four Ways of Knowing: Peggy L. Chinn, RN, PhD, FAAN is Professor of Nursing at the University of Connecticut. She earned her undergraduate nursing degree from the University of Hawaii, and her Masters and PhD degrees from the University of Utah. She has authored books and journal articles in the areas of nursing theory, feminism and nursing, the art of nursing, and nursing education. Her recent research has been focused on developing a method for aesthetic knowing in nursing, and defining the art of nursing as an art. Her book co-authored with Maeona Kramer has just been released in its fifth edition, now titled Theory and Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Knowledge Development. She is currently revising Peace and Power: Building Communities for the Future. This book is used worldwide by womens groups and peace activist groups as a basis for group process, consensus decision-making, and conflict resolution. 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Through critical and analytic reflection, nurses examine ontological and ethical foundations to their knowledge and praxis. It deepens and sharpens these foundations by forcing nurses to develop and act on commitments in the context of political or social agendas as well as to recognize that both their commitments and the agendas are constructed in and by a multiplicity of variable relationships of knowledge and power. Aesthetic experience matters in nursing because both patients and nurses are stakeholders in the situation. Experiences of illness have the potential to become lifted from ordinary life simply because so much is at stake. The details and nuances of relationships between patients and nurses are significant because they are part of this experience of illness and this is why the deeply engaged stance of caring matters. Without engagement, the nurse is no longer a stakeholder and nursing art is not possible. Engagement is a precondition of experience. Caring creates a world and that without care; the person would be without projects and concerns. Their view implies that care is fundamental to meaning and that meaning comes to be on the basis of some prior structure of care. A person may be regarded as constituted by their involvement and commitments In the world and without such engagements, one remains, in the profoundest sense, a mere possibility of a person. Similarly, the art must be loving; that is, it must care deeply for the subject matter upon which skill is exercised. An engaged, emotional commitment is a precondition for nursing art and effective intervention. In modern aesthetic theory, however, there is considerable controversy over whether there is a difference between art and craft.There is a principled difference between art and craft and argues for the necessity of making clear distinctions between them. Distinctions can be summarized by the following: craft results from skillful use of method or technique to produce a pre-specified product from some kind of raw material. Thus, the endpoint of a craft is visualized before the methods of achieving it are determined, so the way to proceed is planned from the beginning. Judging a work of craft is therefore less a matter of interpretation than a matter of fit between artifact and preconceived models of particular craft objects.Craft implies clearly understood goals and methods and this makes evaluation straightforward. The results of art, on the other hand, cannot be specified before creation; and means and ends are not always thought out separately. The artist does not always know what to make, or the most effective way to go about it; rather, ends and means evolve simultaneously. According to this definition, art is both more creative and difficult to evaluate. Chinn and Kramer have commented that art draws a person into new realms and expands perceptual capacities. If the object of nursing art is to transform the lived experience of health and illness, as Chinn claims, this explains why art is potentially so important for nursing. Not only do nurses need art to expand their perspectives on caring for patients, but patients also need nursing art to help them perceive the possibilities in their situation. A nurse who is artistically creative may set new standards for how things can be done. Art can change the ethos of what is considered good practice and alter the conceptions of what nursing outcomes ought to be. This means that the audience for nursing art will be not only patients and family members, to whom nurses hope to show possibilities so that they may move forward and transform their futures, but also other nurses, from whom nurses learn and with whom they transform practice. By maintaining a fluid openness in nursing situations, it may be that nurses own experiences and that of their patients is enlarged. One of the difficulties in defining this aspect of nursing art has been the invisibility of the art object. The process of art is visible enough in nursing. The tools, techniques, and craft-like approach can be described, but the outcome of the art is very difficult to specify. Nurse theorists are reluctant to identify the patient as the object of nursing art. It is contrary to their philosophical tradition to objectify patients in this way, nor would this identification be correct.

Diversity in Colleges Essay example -- Race Sex Diversity

Traditional Diversity At UC-Berkeley, the course description for "Politics and Poetics" (Fall Course 2002) stated that "conservative thinkers are encouraged to seek other sections." (SAF 1). Though the instructor later apologized for the description, this is the sort of encouragement conservative-minded students are greeted with many times during their college experience. It is said that in class, students are taught that their country -- and Western culture in general -- is tainted by racism, sexism, and oppression (Stearn 2). Outside class, students are forced into consciousness-raising exercises that heighten tensions and bolster radical pressure groups (Stearn 2). For example, at Brown University, an organized coalition of fifteen ethnic and political student groups stole 4,000 copies of the Brown Daily Herald in March 2002 (SAF 2). The theft was conducted as retribution for the paper's decision to print an anti-reparations [for slavery] ad penned by David Horowitz, a well-known liberal turned conservative political activist (2). The director of Brown's Afro-American studies program defended the coalition's action, claiming, "If something is free, you can take as many copies as you like. This is not a free speech issue. It is a hate speech issue." (SAF 2). Horowitz's anti-reparation comments are entitled: "10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too." (Horowitz, 10 Reasons). While Horowitz's title may cause some anxiety for reparation supporters, it is, simply, an individual opinion. However, Horowitz knew very well that the opinion published with this essay would induce some serious backlash, and all odds should be placed on his counting on the scathing rebuttals to open a wide d... .... Horowitz, David. "In Defense of Intellectual Diversity." Chronicle.com. 13 February 2004: 5 pp. Internet. Online. Direct page link. . Accessed 24 April 2004. Horowitz, David and Lehrer, Eli. "Political Bias in the Administrations and Faculties of 32 Elite Colleges and Universities." April 2003: 4 pp. Online. Internet. Direct page link. . Accessed 10 May 2004. Stearn, Peter. "Expanding the Agenda of Cultural Research." 2 May 2003: 5 pp. Online subscription only. . Accessed 14 May 2004. Students for Academic Freedom Website (SAF). "Bias Incidents on Campus." 12 May 2004: 14 pp. Studentsforacademicfreedom.org. Internet. Online. . Accessed 14 May 2004. Diversity in Colleges Essay example -- Race Sex Diversity Traditional Diversity At UC-Berkeley, the course description for "Politics and Poetics" (Fall Course 2002) stated that "conservative thinkers are encouraged to seek other sections." (SAF 1). Though the instructor later apologized for the description, this is the sort of encouragement conservative-minded students are greeted with many times during their college experience. It is said that in class, students are taught that their country -- and Western culture in general -- is tainted by racism, sexism, and oppression (Stearn 2). Outside class, students are forced into consciousness-raising exercises that heighten tensions and bolster radical pressure groups (Stearn 2). For example, at Brown University, an organized coalition of fifteen ethnic and political student groups stole 4,000 copies of the Brown Daily Herald in March 2002 (SAF 2). The theft was conducted as retribution for the paper's decision to print an anti-reparations [for slavery] ad penned by David Horowitz, a well-known liberal turned conservative political activist (2). The director of Brown's Afro-American studies program defended the coalition's action, claiming, "If something is free, you can take as many copies as you like. This is not a free speech issue. It is a hate speech issue." (SAF 2). Horowitz's anti-reparation comments are entitled: "10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too." (Horowitz, 10 Reasons). While Horowitz's title may cause some anxiety for reparation supporters, it is, simply, an individual opinion. However, Horowitz knew very well that the opinion published with this essay would induce some serious backlash, and all odds should be placed on his counting on the scathing rebuttals to open a wide d... .... Horowitz, David. "In Defense of Intellectual Diversity." Chronicle.com. 13 February 2004: 5 pp. Internet. Online. Direct page link. . Accessed 24 April 2004. Horowitz, David and Lehrer, Eli. "Political Bias in the Administrations and Faculties of 32 Elite Colleges and Universities." April 2003: 4 pp. Online. Internet. Direct page link. . Accessed 10 May 2004. Stearn, Peter. "Expanding the Agenda of Cultural Research." 2 May 2003: 5 pp. Online subscription only. . Accessed 14 May 2004. Students for Academic Freedom Website (SAF). "Bias Incidents on Campus." 12 May 2004: 14 pp. Studentsforacademicfreedom.org. Internet. Online. . Accessed 14 May 2004.