Commonly Confused Word Pairs in English

Here, from our Glossary of Commonly Confused Words, are 20 tricky word pairs that look and sound alike but have different meanings. (For examples and practice exercises, click on the highlighted words.) Advice and AdviseThe noun advice means guidance. The verb advise means to recommend or counsel.All Together and AltogetherThe phrase all together refers to people or things gathered in one place. The adverb altogether means entirely or wholly.Baited and BatedA hook, witness, or animal is baited (lured, enticed, tempted). Breath is bated (moderated).Cite and SiteThe verb cite means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The noun site means a particular place.Complement and Compliment; Complementary and ComplimentaryComplement means something that completes or brings to perfection. A compliment is an expression of praise.Discreet and DiscreteThe adjective discreet means tactful or prudent self-restraint. Discrete means distinct or separate.Eminent and ImminentThe adjective eminent means prominent or outstanding. Imminent means impending, about to occur.Flair and FlareThe noun flair means a talent or a distinctive quality or style. As a noun, flare means a fire or a blazing lig ht. Similarly, the verb flare means to burn with an unsteady flame or shine with a sudden light. Violence, troubles, tempers, and nostrils can flare.Formally and FormerlyThe adverb formally means in a formal way. The adverb formerly means at an earlier time.Hardy and HeartyThe adjective hardy (related to hard) means daring, courageous, and capable of surviving difficult conditions. The adjective hearty (related to heart) means showing warm and heartfelt affection or providing abundant nourishment.Ingenious and IngenuousThe adjective ingenious means extremely clever--marked by inventive skill and imagination. Ingenuous means straightforward, candid, without guile.Lightening and LightningThe noun lightening means making lighter in weight or changing to a lighter or brighter color. Lightning is the flash of light that accompanies thunder.Mantel and MantleThe noun mantel refers to a shelf above a fireplace. The noun mantle refers to a cloak or (usually figuratively) to royal robes of st ate as a symbol of authority or responsibility.Moot and MuteThe adjective moot refers to something that is debatable or of no practical importance. The adjective mute means unspoken or unable to speak.Prescribe and ProscribeThe verb prescribe means to establish, direct, or lay down as a rule. The verb proscribe means to ban, forbid, or condemn.Rational and RationaleThe adjective rational means having or exercising the ability to reason. The noun rationale refers to an explanation or basic reason.Shear and SheerThe verb shear means to cut or clip. Likewise, the noun shear refers to the act, process, or fact of cutting or clipping. The adjective sheer means fine, transparent, or complete. As an adverb, sheer means completely or altogether.Stationary and StationeryThe adjective stationary means remaining in one place. The noun stationery refers to writing materials. (Try associating the er in stationery with the er in letter and paper.)Track and TractAs a noun, track refers to a path, route, or course. The verb track means to travel, pursue, or follow. The noun tract refers to an expanse of land or water, a system of organs and tissues in the body, or a pamphlet containing a declaration or appeal.Whose and WhosWhose is the possessive form of who. Whos is the contraction of who is.

Sexual Harassment And Assault Response Preventative Program

Throughout life there are people and things that we compare ourselves to. When it comes to my professional career there is a person that I hold as my standard. Nichol Dwyer is a SHARP (Sexual Harassment/Assault Response Preventative Program) advocate on Fort Drum. Her passion and hard work in the Social Work field are an inspiration to me. Nichol knew that she wanted to be a Social Worker as a young child. While all of her friends had dreams to become teachers, doctors and celebrities Nichol always had the desire to help those in need. When Nichol reached high school she realized that she wanted to help better our society. That is when she began researching and studying different helping professions in the Social Work field. The areas†¦show more content†¦When Nichol was placed with Northern Adirondack Planned Parenthood Sexual Assault Services/Sexual Health and Reproduction Education Program she realized this was her â€Å"home†. Teaching Sexual Health Education clas ses throughout the community as well as assisting and advocating for victims/survivors of sexual assault were what truly made sense to her. This is what she was meant to do. After graduation Nichol was ready to get out there and change the world. At that time unfortunately society did not see the dire need for Social Workers. Due to her graduating during recession, finding a career in Social Work was seemingly impossible. It was at that point that Nichol â€Å"settled† and began working for Child Youth School Services on Fort Drum. Mrs. Dwyer held many positions in CYSS and enjoyed assisting many soldiers, families, children and coworkers. However, Nichol knew that this was not her calling in life and it started to weigh on her. Soon Nichol began searching and applying for Social Work positions. On February 10th 2014 Nichol was brought back to Sexual Assault Services again. Working for SHARP has become â€Å"home† for Mrs. Dwyer. At SHARP Nichol is a Victim Advocate f or the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade. Being an advocate means that she provides comprehensive assistance and serves as a liaison to victims of sexual assault and sexual harassment. Nichol executes effective program management, demonstrates and promotes zero tolerance in the workplace as well as

The Effects of Psychotherapies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Psychotherapies. Answer: Human society has advanced significantly along the past years; however mental illnesses are still considered and treated as a societal taboo. Despite the fact that many of the mentally ill individuals are treated differently and are looked down upon by the majority of the human society mental illness still prevails to be one of the largest Healthcare problems in our civilization. Moreover unlike any other Health Care problems, the stigmatization and societal labelling makes it much worse for the mentally ill to cope with the restriction that mental illness and disability poses on the daily lifestyle (Abbass et al., 2014). Nowadays however mental illnesses are also considered to be a public health priority. With the first majority of the Cosmopolitan population suffering with some or the other manifestation of mental illnesses the World Health authorities have taken the problem of mental disorders much more seriously that it was ever before. Nowadays there are many treatment options available for mental disorders and one of the most abundantly used and most effective one of them are mental therapies. Mental health therapies or psychotherapies are therapeutic treatment options for restoring back the mental health of a mentally disabled individual. Out of all the psychotherapies available for mental disorders, cognitive behavioural therapy and exposure therapy is concerned to be the best options for many mental disorders. This assignment will compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of both these therapies and discuss the usage of the therapies in the context of different mental health disor ders (Craske et al., 2014). Studies have suggested that psychotic therapies or mental health therapies are the one of the most reliable options for the mentally ill to attain support and counselling in individual or group setting. It has also been established that the mental therapy is not only effective in treating the mental disorders that the patient might be suffering with but it also calms the agitation of the individual and helps them restored their perfect mental health. Mental therapies have originated long before in order to help the mental patients deal with the restrictions and suffering of mental health and have now evolved into various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment measures to help them not only cope with the mental disorder that also heal the mental disorders. Hence different conventional and more contemporary mental health therapies have become the first choice for treatment in case of a mental disorder or a mentally disabled patient for the psychiatrists (Cuijpers et al., 201 4). Cognitive behavioural therapy is the oldest psychotherapy that is still in abundant use in the current age. The philosophical origin of the therapy can be traced back to the stoic philanthropists and their practice in the field of psychology. As the precursors of the integral elements of this particular therapy can be traced back to the ancient philanthropical practices of stoicism, cognitive behavioural therapy is considered to be as old as stoicism is. Stock philanthropist used to establish logic in order to defy any false beliefs of superstitions and this is what has founded the principal element of cognitive behavioural therapy where the psychiatrist or therapist continues to deal with depression and anxiety and all the factors related to it with logic and scientific reasoning. John Stuart Mill is the key stoic philanthropist who is considered to be the founder of the basic principles of cognitive behavioural therapy (Elliott et al., 2013). The very basic integral elements of a cognitive behavioural therapy are the combination of behaviour in the association with cognitive physiology and psychology. Amalgamation of behaviour with cognitive development makes it different from any other historical approach to psychotherapy. For instance in case of psychoanalytical approach the therapist for unconscious meaning behind the abnormal behaviour of the patience and we'll attend to reduce the cause of abnormality from there on. on the other hand the cognitive behaviour therapy is much more focused on problems based and action oriented outcomes. Moreover cognitive behavioural therapy is founded on the principle that the main adaptive features of thoughts and behaviour play a fundamental role in the establishment and development of psychological disorders. According to the theory, symptoms and syndromes associated with the disorder can be reduced by facilitating new information processing skills and coping mechanisms in the patien t by the help of cognitive behavioural therapy (Lilienfeld et al., 2014). On the other hand exposure therapy is considered to be a technique that is used to treat anxiety disorders by exposure to the cause of distress of the patient. On a more elaborative note, while exercising this particular therapy the patients are encouraged to expose themselves to the fear of phobia in a context devoid of danger, to overcome the anxiety and the distress symptoms associated with it. The origin of exposure therapy might not be traced back as ancient as the origin of cognitive behavioural therapy. However this particular therapy had been in use from the last 70 years. The exposure therapy was first established in the 1950, when the western psychological practice was predominantly influenced by psychodynamic views. James T Taylor was the first Psychologist in the department of University of Cape Town in South Africa who used exposure therapy as a psychotherapy measure for the first time on a patient in the form a medical trial. Along the years various divergent variations of exposure therapy has been developed such as systematic desensitization, flooding, implosive therapy, prolonged exposure therapy, in vivo exposure therapy and imaginative exposure therapy. The basic principle of exposure therapy is founded on respondent conditioning, a term that is also known as pavlovian extinction (Rothbaum et al., 2014). In exposure therapy the psychiatrist is known to identify the cognition, emotion and psychological arousal that is associated with the fear induced stimulus or phobia and then by the application atoms to break the pattern of escape that manages and maintains the fear and its development. In order to serve this purpose the patient is exposed to progressively stronger fear inducing stimulus and in each step the accumulation of fear is minimised step by step in a steady escalation and hierarchical challenging pattern that can be escalated until the fear is completely disappeared. There is considered to be three types of a particular exposure ther apy, the first type is considered to be in vivo or in the sense real world or real life fear exposure. In this particular type the patient is exposed to actual for inducing situation which triggers original fear induced Stimuli and its response in the patient. For instance if a person is afraid of Darkness and loneliness the person may be asked to be locked up in a room that is dark and completely lonely for a short period of time. As time goes and the patient is slowly and steadily adjusted to the exposure the exposure intensity or concentration is increased bit by bit to eradicate the fear and its components from the site of the patient step by step. In the second type of exposure therapy the exposure is imaginary for instance the patient in this case and asks to imagine a situation that involves the specific element that they have a phobia of. This particular therapy is best suited for patients who have a fear of thoughts or a particular memory (Rothbaum et al., 2014). Third and very last type of exposure therapy is the interoceptive approach patients are interested to confront their body symptoms has increased heart rate or shortness of breath on any other disorder and the specific disorders that are reduced step by step by these particular symptoms. Both therapies are considered equivalent in reducing the symptoms of mental disorders and using behavioural characteristics to it. Just as exposure therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy has distinct and articulated steps to it as well. For instance the step 1 of a mainstream cognitive behavioural therapy is identification of critical behaviours. This is the state where the therapist recognises anomaly in the behaviour statistics and characteristics of the patient (Sayer et al., 2013). The second step is to determine whether the abnormal are critical behaviour are in excess or are in deficit. This is a stage where the therapist has to evaluate whether or not the anomaly to the behaviour of the patient is past the threshold of mental illness and what intensity to the anomaly is being represented. The third step to the cognitive behavioural therapy is the evaluation of the intensity of the critical behaviour in parameters of frequency duration and baseline. The final and last step is p lanning and implementation of an attempt as a strategic plan to decrease the frequency duration and intensity of the anomalous behaviour in the mental patient. Therefore following the sample for steps at her place is able to identify the abnormal behaviour and the patient, determine the intensity of it, figure out the cause and attempt strategic options to decrease the development of the anomalous behaviour. Therefore it can be concluded that based on this 4 steps of a traditional unorthodox cognitive behavioural therapy there are 6 distinct phases of this particular treatment. The first phase is psychological assessment, followed by reconceptualization, acquisition of skills, concentration of skills, generalization and maintenance, and lastly post-treatment assessment follow up (Sayer et al., 2013). This therapy is by far the most abundantly used psychotherapy in the medical treatment for mental disorders in centuries and this treatment has proved to be the most effective in managi ng if not completely eradicating most of the mental disorders successfully. In the last phase of this discussion, it can be considered that both the therapies are extremely efficient in treating the particular mental disorder that it targets. Where cognitive behavioural therapy is associated with the mainstream mental disorders accompanied by behavioural and cognitive abnormality in the mental patients. The exposure therapy is focused on the patients who are dealing with anxiety and post traumatic stress related mental problems. Though the therapies have been extremely efficient in diminishing and managing the symptoms of the mental disorder it is programmed to combat. And both the therapies have been abundantly used in the field of medical psychiatry (Weisz et al., 2015). Critically evaluating and contrasting both therapies it can be said that there are no really controversially harmful disadvantages of cognitive behavioural therapy. However in case of exposure therapy, exposing the patience to the one element is here the most and are suffering from the mental disorder from can be a trigger to more psychotic damage. It is common knowledge in psychiatry that every mind is different and each mind runs in a particular and unique pattern. Hence it cannot be generalized that exposing a particular patient for a particular kind of fear will always work for the benefit of the patient, in some cases where the patients are vulnerable and much more sensitive this exposure therapy can turn detrimental in no time. However with cognitive behavioural therapy there are no chances of a sensitive or vulnerable mind of a mental patient to be triggered for more damage. Taking assistance from the literature previously population studies have attempted to evaluate and cont rast the efficiency of both the therapies in the world of psychiatry. In the example of post traumatic stress disorder patients as discovered in the study of Horesh et al, the efficacy of both the treatment therapy when tested on the population of refugees dealing with post traumatic stress disorder (Horesh et al., 2016). The results indicated that both treatments resulted in impressive improvements when tested on all parameters however the percentage of success for cognitive behavioural therapy was a bit more than its counterpart. Hence it can be concluded that both exposure therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy can be equally effective in dealing with mental disorders that are fuelled by trauma or past stressful events however care should be taken that the mental vulnerability of the patient is always prioritised and the therapy is customised to the needs of the particular patient and his or her mental condition. References: Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., De Maat, S., ... Crowe, E. (2014). Short?term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders.The Cochrane Library. Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach.Behaviour research and therapy,58, 10-23. Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., Hollon, S. D., van Straten, A. (2014). The effects of psychotherapies for major depression in adults on remission, recovery and improvement: a meta-analysis.Journal of affective disorders,159, 118-126. DEMNER, A. R. (2016). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.Pocket Guide to Addiction Assessment and Treatment, 259. Ehde, D. M., Dillworth, T. M., Turner, J. A. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with chronic pain: Efficacy, innovations, and directions for research.American Psychologist,69(2), 153. Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J. C., Timulak, L., Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. Horesh, D., Qian, M., Freedman, S., Shalev, A. (2016). Differential effect of exposure?based therapy and cognitive therapy on post?traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters: A randomized controlled trial.Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. Karlin, B. E., Cross, G. (2014). From the laboratory to the therapy room: national dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychotherapies in the US Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System.American Psychologist,69(1), 19. Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., Latzman, R. D. (2014). Why ineffective psychotherapies appear to work: A taxonomy of causes of spurious therapeutic effectiveness.Perspectives on Psychological Science,9(4), 355-387. Poulsen, S., Lunn, S., Daniel, S. I., Folke, S., Mathiesen, B. B., Katznelson, H., Fairburn, C. G. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa.American Journal of Psychiatry,171(1), 109-116. Rothbaum, B. O., Price, M., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Gerardi, M., Dunlop, B., ... Ressler, K. J. (2014). A randomized, double-blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans.American Journal of Psychiatry,171(6), 640-648. Sayer, N. A., Rosen, C. S., Bernardy, N. C., Cook, J. M., Orazem, R. J., Chard11, K. M., ... Ruzek, J. I. (2017). Context Matters: Team and Organizational Factors Associated with Reach of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for PTSD in the Veterans Health Administration. Weisz, J. R., Krumholz, L. S., Santucci, L., Thomassin, K., Ng, M. Y. (2015). Shrinking the gap between research and practice: Tailoring and testing youth psychotherapies in clinical care contexts.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,11, 139-163. Weisz, J. R., Kuppens, S., Eckshtain, D., Ugueto, A. M., Hawley, K. M., Jensen-Doss, A. (2013). Performance of evidence-based youth psychotherapies compared with usual clinical care: a multilevel meta-analysis.JAMA psychiatry,70(7), 750-761. Wells, R. A., Giannetti, V. J. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of the brief psychotherapies. Springer